Simultaneous Solution to Wind-Structure-Interaction

Ein simultanes Lösungsverfahren für Fluid-Struktur-Wechselwirkungen aus dem Bereich der Bauwerksaeroelastik wird vorgestellt. Die Modellierung der Tragwerksdynamik erfolgt mit der geometrisch nichtlinearen Elastizitätstheorie in total Lagrangescher Formulierung. Die Strömung wird mit den inkompressiblen Navier-Stokes-Gleichungen beschrieben, und wenn Turbulenzeffekte massgeblich sind, kommen die Reynolds-Gleichungen in Verbindung mit dem k-omega-Turbulenzmodell von Wilcox zum Einsatz. Die einheitliche Diskretisierung beider Felder mit der Raum-Zeit-Finite-Element-Methode führt zu einem konsistenten Berechnungsmodell für das gekoppelte System. Da die isoparametrischen Raum-Zeit-Elemente ihre Geometrie in Zeitrichtung ändern können, erlaubt die Methode eine natürliche Beschreibung des infolge Strukturbewegungen zeitveränderlichen Strömungsgebiets. Die gewichtete Integralformulierung der Kopplungsbedingungen mit globalen Freiwerten für die Randspannungen sichert eine konservative Kopplung von Fluid und Struktur. Beispielhafte Untersuchungen aeroelastischer Instabilitäten von Brückenquerschnitten und selbsterregter Flatterschwingungen von eigengewichtsvorgespannten Membranen belegen, dass die simultane Lösung des streng gekoppelten Systems zu einem effizienten Berechnungsverfahren mit hoher Konvergenz und Genauigkeit der numerischen Lösung führt.A simultaneous solution procedure for fluid-structure interaction problems in the area of building aeroelasticity is presented. The structural motion is described by a geometrically nonlinear theory for elastic deformation behavior using a total Lagrangian approach. The flow field is modeled by the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, which will be Reynolds averaged, if turbulence effects are essential. In this case, the k-omega turbulence model of Wilcox is used. The space-time finite element method is applied to both continua leading to a consistent discretization of fluid and structure. Since isoparametric space-time elements are adaptable in time direction, the method implies a natural description of the time dependent fluid domain, which has moving boundaries as a result of structural deformations. In order to enforce momentum conservation between both continua, a weighted residual formulation of coupling conditions is introduced using boundary tractions as additional variables. Numerical investigations of aeroelastic instabilities of bridge deck cross sections and flutter phenomena of gravity prestressed membranes demonstrate efficiency and versatility of the numerical scheme, which ensures high convergence and accuracy due to the simultaneous solution of the strongly coupled system

A Simultaneous Solution Procedure for Fluid-Structure Interaction with Application to Civil Engineering Problems

Ein simultanes Lösungsverfahren für Fluid-Struktur-Wechselwirkungen aus dem Bereich des Bauingenieurwesens wird vorgestellt. Die Modellierung der Tragwerksdynamik erfolgt mit der geometrisch nichtlinearen Elastizitätstheorie in total Lagrangescher Formulierung. Die Strömung wird mit den inkompressiblen Navier-Stokes-Gleichungen beschrieben. Wenn Turbulenzeffekte massgeblich sind, kommen die Reynolds-Gleichungen in Verbindung mit dem k-omega-Turbulenzmodell von Wilcox zum Einsatz. Zur Beschreibung von komplexen freien Oberflächen wird die Level-Set-Methode eingesetzt. Die einheitliche Diskretisierung von Fluid und Struktur mit der Raum-Zeit-Finite-Element-Methode führt zu einem konsistenten Berechnungsmodell für das gekoppelte System. Da die isoparametrischen Raum-Zeit-Elemente ihre Geometrie in Zeitrichtung ändern können, erlaubt die Methode eine natürliche Beschreibung des infolge der Strukturbewegung zeitveränderlichen Strömungsgebiets. Die gewichtete Integralformulierung der Kopplungsbedingungen mit globalen Freiwerten für die Interface-Spannungen sichert eine konservative Kopplung von Fluid und Struktur. Ausgewählte Anwendungsbeispiele zeigen die Leistungsfähigkeit der entwickelten Methodik und belegen die guten Konvergenzeigenschaften des simultanen Lösungsverfahrens

Application of Fluid-Structure Coupling to Predict the Dynamic Behavior of Turbine Components

In hydro turbine design, fluid-structure interaction (FSI) may play an important role. Examples are flow induced inertia and damping effects, vortex induced vibrations in the lock-in vicinity, or hydroelastic instabilities of flows in deforming gaps (e.g. labyrinth seals). In contrast to aeroelasticity, hydroelastic systems require strongly (iteratively) coupled or even monolithic solution procedures, since the fluid mass which is moving with the structure (added-mass effect) is much higher and changes the dynamic behavior of submerged structures considerably. Depending on the mode shape, natural frequencies of a turbine runner in water may be reduced to less than 40% of the natural frequency in air, and flow induced damping effects may become one or two orders of magnitude higher than structural damping. In order to reduce modeling effort and calculation time, the solution strategy has to be adapted precisely to a given application. Hence, depending on the problem to solve, different analysis procedures may apply. Examples are the calculation of natural frequencies and response spectra in water using an acoustic fluid formulation, the determination of flow induced damping effects by means of partitioned FSI including complex turbulent flows, and the identification of hydroelastic instabilities using monolithic coupling of non-linear structural dynamics and water flow

Strength deficits of the hamstrings following surgery on the anterior cruciate ligament: a case-control ­study of elite alpine ski racers

Hintergrund: Der Stand der Forschung zeigt auf, dass Kreuzbandverletzungen im alpinen Skirennsport häufig vorkommen. Der ischiocruralen Muskulatur wird eine wichtige Rolle zum Schutz des vorderen Kreuzbandes (VKB) attestiert. Dabei ist v.a. die exzentrische Muskelaktivität von grosser Bedeutung, da sie in Dauer und Intensität gegenüber der konzentrischen Muskelaktivität im alpinen Skirennsport vorherrschend ist. Ziel dieser Studie war herauszufinden, ob Elite Skirennfahrer nach einer VKB-Plastik exzentrische Kraftdefizite der ischiocruralen Muskulatur aufweisen. Methode: Es wurde eine Case-Control-Studie zwischen Skirennfahrer 49 ± 41 Monaten postoperativ nach einer VKB-Plastik und gesunden Skirennfahrer durchgeführt. Im Seitenvergleich wurde die exzentrische Gesamtkraft beider Beine der ischiocruralen Muskulatur der VKB- (n=18) mit der Kontrollgruppe (n=70), ferner die Kraft des operierten Beines einerseits mit der gesunden Seite und andererseits mit dem Mittelwert der gesunden Gruppe verglichen. Die exzentrische Kraft wurde während der Übung Nordic-Hamstrings auf dem NordBord gemessen. Gruppenvergleiche wurden mittels ANOVA mit Bonferroni Post-hoc Tests analysiert. Mittels multipler linearer Regressionsanalyse wurden zudem die relevanten unabhängigen Einflussvariablen zur Erklärung der exzentrischen Gesamtkraft und des Limb Symmetry Index ermittelt. Ergebnisse: Die relative exzentrische Gesamtkraft beider Beine der ischiocruralen Muskulatur der VKB-Gruppe war signifikant geringer als diejenige der Kontrollgruppe (p=0.031). Weiter war das operierte Bein bei der relativen exzentrischen Kraft signifikant schwächer als der Mittelwert der Kontrollgruppe (p=0.024). Auch der Limb Symmetry Index war bei den unilateral Operierten signifikant grösser (p=0.016) als bei den Gesunden und den bilateral Operierten. Die Unterschiede in der exzentrischen Gesamtkraft zwischen den Athleten liess sich zu 56% durch die drei unabhängigen Variablen Operation, Alter und Geschlecht erklären. Die Unterschiede im Limb Symmetry Index zwischen den Athleten konnte zu 18% durch die drei unabhängigen Variablen Operation, exzentrische Gesamtkraft beider Beine und Körpergrösse erklärt werden. Schlussfolgerung: Skirennfahrer haben auch mehrere Jahre nach einer VKB-Plastik persistierende Defizite in der exzentrischen Kraft der ischiocruralen Muskulatur verglichen mit gesunden Skirennfahrern. Daher sollte dem Training der exzentrischen Kraftfähigkeit der ischiocruralen Muskulatur während der Rehabilitation aus Sicht der Autoren mehr Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet werden. Die vorgestellte Messmethode ist einfach, praktikabel und kostengünstig. Um den Einfluss der Kraft der ischiocruralen Muskulatur auf Kreuzbandverletzungen besser verstehen zu können, sind weitere Studien nötig.Background: Research to date clearly shows that injuries to the cruciate ligaments are a frequent occurrence in alpine ski racing. The hamstrings play an important role in protecting the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Here eccentric muscle activity, in particular, is of great significance as it plays a more important role in terms of duration and intensity than concentric muscle activity in alpine ski racing. The aim of this study was to establish whether the hamstrings of alpine ski racers show eccentric strength deficits following surgery on the anterior cruciate ligament. Methods: A case-control study was performed with athletes who had undergone surgery on the anterior cruciate ligament 49 ± 41 months previously and healthy ski racers. The total eccentric strength of both legs measured in the hamstrings supporting the ACL (n=18) was compared with the healthy group (n=70); the strength of the operated leg was also compared with the healthy leg and with the mean for the healthy group. Eccentric strength was measured during the Nordic hamstrings exercise performed on the NordBord hamstring testing system. Group comparisons were performed using ANOVA and Bonferroni Post-hoc analyses. Multiple linear regressions were used to assess the relevant independent variables explaining total eccentric strength and Limb Symmetry Index. Results: The relative total eccentric strength of both legs in the hamstrings of the ACL group was significantly lower than in the healthy group (p=0.031). In addition, the relative eccentric strength of the operated leg was significantly lower compared to the healthy group (p=0.024). Leg asymmetry was also significantly greater in athletes who had undergone surgery on one leg (p=0.016) than in healthy subjects and athletes who had undergone surgery on both legs. 56% of the total eccentric strength of both legs could be explained by surgery, age and gender. 18% of the leg asymmetry was explained by the variables surgery, total eccentric strength of both legs and height. Conclusion: Several years after anterior cruciate ligament surgery, ski racers still have deficits in terms of the eccentric strength of their hamstrings compared with healthy ski racers. Therefore more attention should be paid during rehabilitation to the eccentric strength of the hamstrings with a view to strengthening and testing them. Measurement using the NordBord system is suitable for routine monitoring of eccentric strength. Further studies are needed to improve understanding of the influence of hamstrings strength on cruciate ligament injuries

Impact of carbohydrate-reduced nutrition in septic patients on ICU: study protocol for a prospective randomised controlled trial

Introduction: Sepsis is defined as detrimental immune response to an infection. This overwhelming reaction often abolishes a normal reconstitution of the immune cell homeostasis that in turn increases the risk for further complications. Recent studies revealed a favourable impact of ketone bodies on resolution of inflammation. Thus, a ketogenic diet may provide an easy-to-apply and cost-effective treatment option potentially alleviating sepsis-evoked harm. This study is designed to assess the feasibility, efficiency and safety of a ketogenic diet in septic patients. Methods and analysis: This monocentric study is a randomised, controlled and open-label trial, which is conducted on an intensive care unit of a German university hospital. As intervention enteral nutrition with reduced amount of carbohydrates (ketogenic) or standard enteral nutrition (control) is applied. The primary endpoint is the detection of ketone bodies in patients' blood and urine samples. As secondary endpoints, the impact on important safety-relevant issues (eg, glucose metabolism, lactate serum concentration, incidence of metabolic acidosis, thyroid function and 30-day mortality) and the effect on the immune system are analysed. Ethics and dissemination The study has received the following approvals: Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of Ruhr-University Bochum (No. 18-6557-BR). Results will be made available to critical care survivors, their caregivers, the funders, the critical care societies and other researchers by publication in a peer-reviewed journal

IT adoption of clinical information systems in Austrian and German hospitals: results of a comparative survey with a focus on nursing

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>IT adoption is a process that is influenced by different external and internal factors. This study aimed</p> <p indent="1">1. to identify similarities and differences in the prevalence of medical and nursing IT systems in Austrian and German hospitals, and</p> <p indent="1">2. to match these findings with characteristics of the two countries, in particular their healthcare system, and with features of the hospitals.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In 2007, all acute care hospitals in both countries received questionnaires with identical questions. 12.4% in Germany and 34.6% in Austria responded.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The surveys revealed a consistent higher usage of nearly all clinical IT systems, especially nursing systems, but also PACS and electronic archiving systems, in Austrian than in German hospitals. These findings correspond with a significantly wider use of standardised nursing terminologies and a higher number of PC workstations on the wards (average 2.1 PCs in Germany, 3.2 PCs in Austria). Despite these differences, Austrian and German hospitals both reported a similar IT budget of 2.6% in Austria and 2.0% in Germany (median).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Despite the many similarities of the Austrian and German healthcare system there are distinct differences which may have led to a wider use of IT systems in Austrian hospitals. In nursing, the specific legal requirement to document nursing diagnoses in Austria may have stimulated the use of standardised terminologies for nursing diagnoses and the implementation of electronic nursing documentation systems. Other factors which correspond with the wider use of clinical IT systems in Austria are: good infrastructure of medical-technical devices, rigorous organisational changes which had led to leaner processes and to a lower length of stay, and finally a more IT friendly climate. As country size is the most pronounced difference between Germany and Austria it could be that smaller countries, such as Austria, are more ready to translate innovation into practice.</p

Expanding the clinical and molecular spectrum of ATP6V1A related metabolic cutis laxa.

Several inborn errors of metabolism show cutis laxa as a highly recognizable feature. One group of these metabolic cutis laxa conditions is autosomal recessive cutis laxa type 2 caused by defects in v-ATPase components or the mitochondrial proline cycle. Besides cutis laxa, muscular hypotonia and cardiac abnormalities are hallmarks of autosomal recessive cutis laxa type 2D (ARCL2D) due to pathogenic variants in ATP6V1A encoding subunit A of the v-ATPase. Here, we report on three affected individuals from two families with ARCL2D in whom we performed whole exome and Sanger sequencing. We performed functional studies in fibroblasts from one individual, summarized all known probands' clinical, molecular, and biochemical features and compared them, also to other metabolic forms of cutis laxa. We identified novel missense and the first nonsense variant strongly affecting ATP6V1A expression. All six ARCL2D affected individuals show equally severe cutis laxa and dysmorphism at birth. While for one no information was available, two died in infancy and three are now adolescents with mild or absent intellectual disability. Muscular weakness, ptosis, contractures, and elevated muscle enzymes indicated a persistent myopathy. In cellular studies, a fragmented Golgi compartment, a delayed Brefeldin A-induced retrograde transport and glycosylation abnormalities were present in fibroblasts from two individuals. This is the second and confirmatory report on pathogenic variants in ATP6V1A as the cause of this extremely rare condition and the first to describe a nonsense allele. Our data highlight the tremendous clinical variability of ATP6V1A related phenotypes even within the same family

Precision and accuracy of single-molecule FRET measurements - a multi-laboratory benchmark study

Single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) is increasingly being used to determine distances, structures, and dynamics of biomolecules in vitro and in vivo. However, generalized protocols and FRET standards to ensure the reproducibility and accuracy of measurements of FRET efficiencies are currently lacking. Here we report the results of a comparative blind study in which 20 labs determined the FRET efficiencies (E) of several dye-labeled DNA duplexes. Using a unified, straightforward method, we obtained FRET efficiencies with s.d. between ±0.02 and ±0.05. We suggest experimental and computational procedures for converting FRET efficiencies into accurate distances, and discuss potential uncertainties in the experiment and the modeling. Our quantitative assessment of the reproducibility of intensity-based smFRET measurements and a unified correction procedure represents an important step toward the validation of distance networks, with the ultimate aim of achieving reliable structural models of biomolecular systems by smFRET-based hybrid methods

Redefining the MED13L syndrome

Congenital cardiac and neurodevelopmental deficits have been recently linked to the mediator complex subunit 13-like protein MED13L, a subunit of the CDK8-associated mediator complex that functions in transcriptional regulation through DNA-binding transcription factors and RNA polymerase II. Heterozygous MED13L variants cause transposition of the great arteries and intellectual disability (ID). Here, we report eight patients with predominantly novel MED13L variants who lack such complex congenital heart malformations. Rather, they depict a syndromic form of ID characterized by facial dysmorphism, ID, speech impairment, motor developmental delay with muscular hypotonia and behavioral difficulties. We thereby define a novel syndrome and significantly broaden the clinical spectrum associated with MED13L variants. A prominent feature of the MED13L neurocognitive presentation is profound language impairment, often in combination with articulatory deficits